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molecular symmetry
Molecular symmetry in chemistry describes the symmetry present in molecules and the classification of molecules according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry is a fundamental concept in chemistry, as it can predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties, such as its dipole moment and its allowed spectroscopic transitions (based on selection rules such as the Laporte rule). Many university level textbooks on physical chemistry, quantum chemistry, and inorganic chemistry devote a chapter to symmetry.〔''Quantum Chemistry'', Third Edition John P. Lowe, Kirk Peterson ISBN 0-12-457551-X〕〔''Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach'' by Donald A. McQuarrie, John D. Simon ISBN 0-935702-99-7〕〔''The chemical bond'' 2nd Ed. J.N. Murrell, S.F.A. Kettle, J.M. Tedder ISBN 0-471-90760-X〕〔''Physical Chemistry'' P.W. Atkins and J. de Paula (8th ed., W.H. Freeman 2006) ISBN 0-7167-8759-8, chap.12〕〔G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr ''Inorganic Chemistry'' (2nd ed., Pearson/Prentice Hall 1998) ISBN 0-13-841891-8, chap.4.〕
While various frameworks for the study of molecular symmetry exist, group theory is the predominant one. This framework is also useful in studying the symmetry of molecular orbitals, with applications such as the Hückel method, ligand field theory, and the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. Another framework on a larger scale is the use of crystal systems to describe crystallographic symmetry in bulk materials.
Many techniques for the practical assessment of molecular symmetry exist, including X-ray crystallography and various forms of spectroscopy, for example infrared spectroscopy of metal carbonyls. Spectroscopic notation is based on symmetry considerations.
==Symmetry concepts==
The study of symmetry in molecules is an adaptation of mathematical group theory.
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